On flora semantics in house names found in Vidzeme: materials contained in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme province [O semantyce roślinnej nazw domostw w Widzeme: materiały zawarte w spisie dusz z roku 1826 w krainie Widzeme]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non­ ­commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2014. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies PAS & The Slavic Foundation [Wydawca: Instytut Slawistyki PAN & Fundacja Slawistyczna] DOI: 10.11649/abs. 2014.008


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Previously peasant families were listed with sequential numbers, each family given its own designation; this practice survived even after attribution of surnames, but in the 9 th and 10 th censuses these numbers were changed, indicating nevertheless the number assigned to the family in a previous census.The population was grouped into two broad categories, tax payers and those subject to military service (Steuer-und Rekrutenpflichtige) and those who were only taxpayers (Steuerpflichtige).
Figure 1.Part of document from the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme province describing the residents of Jaunpiebalga private manor (LV VA 199. foundation.,1. description,340. l.,109. page) In Vidzeme various counting of souls have recorded the residents in 686 manors, several of which had been consolidated by the time of the census in 1826 and 1834.
The number of house names entered in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme province (guberna) is 14500, including those of peasant homes that had been sepa rated from another property whilst retaining the same name.For example, in 1826, four dwellings were recorded with the same house name Kannep1 in Jaunpiebalga Parish, and within Jaunpiebalga private manor; as well as four dwellings in the same territorial region with the name Kalne Maggon2; furthermore, four dwellings within The leading source of such house names is the oaktree (in Latvian, ozols, Quercus).This phytolexeme both in common speech and in dialect forms, is seen in 67 house names, or 12% of all house names based on floral semantics, and 24% on names derived from names of deciduous trees.The lexeme, ozols, in house names is found either as the full name, (i. e., Ohsol, Ohſol, Ohſohl, Oſol), or in derivative form (i. e., Ohsolin, Oſolin, Ohſolin, Ohſoling, Ohsolnek, Ohsulin, Ohſeling), in compound names (i. e., Oſulkalln, Ohselkass) and combined names, (i. e., Kaln Ohſol, Leies Ohſol, Ohsol Krug, Ohſel Krim), as well as in combined forms (i.e., Kalne Osoling, Jaun Oſolin, Ohſolin Muiſcha).
Following investigations of surnames by Pauls Balodis (Balodis, 2008, p. 183), inclu ding material gathered during the 20 th century, it was found that the most wide spread Latvian surname derived from the name of trees is ozols (a total of 1242 recurren ces have been found6, out of which there are 507 surnames, Ozols, and 672 surnames, Ozoliņš).The popularity of ozols as the basis for house names and surnames appears to derive from mythology and folklore, as well, as the prominent place of oaktrees in the Latvian cultural space.A detailed study of the onomastics and anthroponomy of the word, ozols, is given by Ojārs Bušs (Bušs, 2012, pp. 121-129).
The second most widespread floral semantic source for house names in Vidzeme is bērzs (birchtree, Betula).This phytolexeme is the basis for 50 house names, that is 8,7% out of all house names with a floral semantic basis, and 18% out of all names based on the names of deciduous trees.As noted above, the lexeme bērzs is found in house names as the full name, usual in the feminine case, (i.e., Behrſe, Behrse, Berſe, Berse), as well as in derivative form (i. e., Behrſin, Behrſiņ, Behrsing), joined form (i. e., Behrſahre, Berskal, Berſekaln, Behrſemnek, Behrſeleit) in composite form (i. e., Berse Millne), as well as other forms (i.e., Wetz Bersing, Jaun Berſing).
5 Entries from the first dictionary of the Latvian language by Georg Mancel, Lettus and the Latvian German dictionary compiled by Jakob Lange who lived in Vidzeme are used for comparison purposes.Exceptionally, other dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th 19 th centuries are referred to.
6 Pauls Balodis based his findings from statistical analyses carried out by Velta Staltmane of approximately 20 000 surnames (for 80 000 individuals); see Сталтмане, 1981.The appellative bērzs may also be discerned in the house name Pabehrse; alter natively, it is possible that this house name might derive from the name of a different tree, one that in modern Latvian is called parastais bērzs (i.e. buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica), also as parastais pabērzs.It is possible that the name of birchtrees is asso ciated with house names that are based on the lexeme bērša or bērža (i.e., Behrscha, Behrſche, Berſche).
The widespread reference to this tree may be related to the extent of its presence in the Latvian landscape; this tree has lost a part of its folkloric and mythic context.T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov point out that in ancient times the birch tree was one of the trees most extensively used in the natural economy, and had associations with cleanliness and virginity (Гамкрелидзе & Иванов, 1984 (2), p. 620).P. Balodis concluded (Balodis, 2008, 181), that the appellative bērzs is the second most popular phytolexeme for surnames, and also that its diminutive form Bērziņš is a more widely encountered surname than its analogue, the surname Ozoliņš, i. e. out of 860 surnames there are 16 occurrences of Bērzs, and 834, of Bērziņš.
A slightly unexpected finding was that the third most widely encountered phy tolexeme in Vidzeme is kārkls (sallow, Salix), that is the basis for 39 house names, or 6,8% of all house names based on floral semantics, and 14% of house names derived from names of trees.The lexeme kārkls is found in house names both in its entirety (i.e., Kahrkle, Karkle), as well as in derivative forms (i.e., Karklin, Karkliht, Kahrkling, Karklen, Aiskahrklis), combined forms (i.e., Kahrkleanz) and joined words (i.e., Wezz Karkle, Karkle Krug), and other forms (i.e., Mas Kahrklen).
In addition to the cases mentioned above, it is possible that the lexeme kārkls is the basis for house names which contain the vowel e inserted in the base name, i. e., Karkel, Kahrkel.
The appellative kārkls is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (compare, Kahrklis 'Sahlweiden', in Phras. Lettica, 1638, p. 333;and, Kahrkli 'Weidenbaum', given by Lange, 1773, p. 139).It is also possible to include it in Baltic lexicon, and it can in a derivative and semantic way be correlated with similar occurrences in western and eastern Baltic languages, that is, these contain no morphological semantic parallels with other Indo European languages, e. g. in Latv.krkls, in Lith.kaklas (Kregždys, 2012, p. 34; see also Sabaliaus kas, 1990, p. 156).
Is it possible that the contemporary Latvian problem of fields growing over uncontrollably (very often with sallows predominating) existed in the 19 th century or even earlier?It is also possible that the unkempt appearance of certain houses caused them to be named after this minor bush.However, occurrence of the phytolexeme kārkls is not all that rare as a surname (312 are recorded), and the diminutive form Kārkliņš was recorded 289 times (Balodis, 2008, p. 182).Only slightly fewer house names, 37 cases recorded, or 6,4% of all house names based on floral semantics, and 13% of house names derived from names of trees, are based on the phytolexeme liepa (linden tree, Tilia), a lexeme that, as is the case for ozols, has definite mythological and folkloric meaning.The lexeme liepa is found in house names both in its entirety (i.e., Leepe, Lehpe, Lepe), and in various derivative forms (e.g., Leepin, Lehpin, Lehping, Leepan, Leepeneek, Paleep), compound forms (e.g., Leepeskalp, Leepsemnek, Leepkahje, Leepkaln, Lepſall) and combined names (e.g., Kalne Leepe, Leies Leepe, Leepe Murnek, Leepe Krug), and other forms (e.g., Kalne Leeping, Leepin Ausan, Leel Lepeſal, Mas Lepeſal).
This semantic group contains a number of house names containing lep and lehp, wherein the adjective liels (large) is found in the vocalised forms -leel and lehl.
Laimute Balode (Balode, 2012) has extensively written about the onomastic relation ship of, the term liepa with folklore and mythology.P. Balodis (Balodis, 2008, p. 183) concluded that the appellative liepa is the third most widely encountered phytolexeme in Latvian anthroponimy.In surnames it is most often found in its diminutive form Liepiņš with 539 instances recorded (compare, Liepa -169 instances, thus, giving a total of 723 surnames based on the phytolexeme liepa).
Among additional house names based on names of deciduous trees the following are found in order of decreasing frequency: the lexeme kļava (maple tree) -25 instances (4,4% of all house names based on floral semantics, or 9% of house names based on deciduous tree names); however, it must be admitted that the orthography of the time does not permit a clear separation between house names based on two homonyms, the phytolexeme kļava (Acer), and the given name Klāvs.For example, in the case of a house named Klaw located in Grāvesmuiža halfmanor, Krimulda Parish, the head of this household is named as Klāvs (son of Ansis).It is possible that in in this par ticular case we have found an anthroponym.Evidently derived names (e. g., Klahwen, Klahwan) and combined names (e. g., Kalna Klahwiņen, Leijes Klahwiņen, Sehmul Klahwin), that are based on the root klahw-might well derive from on the given name of an individual Klāvs, and not the phytolexeme kļava.
The phytolexeme kļava is the basis for numerous Latvian anthroponyms: in surnames it was recorded in 415 instances, out of which the diminutive form Kļaviņš was recorded 326 times (Balodis, 2008, p. 182).
Similar difficulties are encountered in identifying house names that might be derived from the term apses (aspen, Populus), which was detected in 18 instances (3,1% of all house names based on floral semantics, or 6% of house names based on deciduous tree names), since in the absence of a consistent representation of diacritical marks as well as the presence of the modified ending, e, it is impossible to distinguish between the lexemes apse, and āpsis (the latter denoting a badger).
The lexeme apse is rather rarely found as the basis for Latvian surnames, as only 120 instances were recorded (Balodis, 2008, p. 181).
Rather few house names are based on the tree name osis (ash tree), 11 cases recorded.
Very few house names in Vidzeme are entirely based on the lexeme alksnis (alder, Alnus), and only 9 occurances were recorded of alksnis, elksnis.
A number of houses are named lazdas (hazeltree, Corylus), with 10 instances recorded.
The lexeme lazda is found in house names both in its basic form (i. e., Lasde), and in derivative forms (i.e., Lasding), in combined forms (i.e., Lasdup) and joined forms (i.e., Lasdes Jahn, Lasdes Mickel).A number of house names (e. g., Lesdin, Lesding) are derived from the dialect form lezda; these house names are found distributed throughout Trikāta and Palsmane Parish, congruent with the spatial distribution of the lexeme lezda (see ME II,p. 455).
Only 5 house names were recorded based on the phytolexeme vītols (willow, Salix).
The lexeme vītols is found both in its basic form in house names (i.e., Wihtol, Witol), as well as in combined names (i.e., Jaun Witol).In two distant Manors in Vidzeme (located in Krimulda and Burtnieku parishes) the dialect form vītuls is used as the house name (Wihtul); this term has been described in a dictionary compiled by Kārlis Mülenbach and Jānis Endzelīns, as to be encountered in Vecpiebalga and Rūjiena (sal.ME IV, p. 648).
According to T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov, many IndoEuropean languages have retained the ancient root for willowtree *ś o (e)lik [h] ; however, it is the case that in several languages, including Latvian and Lithuanian, the ancient term has been supplanted by a descriptive noun, with meaning 'a tree with branches suitable for weaving' and derives from the IndoEuropean *e, 'to weave' extended by the suffix *t [h]  (Гамкрелидзе & Иванов, 1984 (2), p. 637 1 ).
The appellative vītols occurs in 391 Latvian surnames (Balodis, 2008, p. 184) In a limited number of cases (3 instances recorded) house names are associated with the appellative ieva (bird cherry).
The lexeme ieva is found in house names both in derivative form (i. e., Eewan, Eewin), as well as in combined form (e. g., Ehwulietz).The house name Ievulīcis shows a definite linguistic link to this tree, in that it refers to the usual area where these (Padus) grow, i. e. along shores of rivers; a number of other house names may be based on the anthroponym Ieva.
In a few house names (3 cases recorded) the term for pussy willow (Salix caprea) may be discerned.In house names the lexeme pūpols is only found in its basic form (e. g., Puhpol, Pupohl, Pupul) with variations on the suffix.
In Latvia, terms for this tree and its flower are based on the verb paupt (ME III, p. 448), the explanation for the latter based on the unusual term for its inflorescence.
The extent to which the phytolexeme pūpols is found in Latvian anthroponomy is not mentioned by P. Balodis in his analyses.
Only a single house name was recorded that might derive from the phytolexeme vīksna (elm, Ulmus), and that is in its basic form (Wieksne).
A single house name can be associated with the tree name pīlādzis (rowantree, Sorbus), in terms of its dialect form pīlags.The phytolexeme pīlādzis is found in several 18 th century dictionaries of the Latvian language (see Pihlahdſchi 'Pielbeern', given by Lange, 1773, p. 234); its dialect form pīlags, was recorded along the Vidzeme seashore, including Umurga (see 6 th map, LVDA), where the house name Pilag was recorded.
Jānis Endzelīns observed that the Latv.pīlādzis, and its dialect variant pīlāgs has been adopted from the Liv language pīlag (ME III, p. 231, see also the entry, pī'lg in Kettunen, 1938, p. 297).
Various terms denoting deciduous trees constitute the basis for about onehalf of all house names derived from floral semantics.Their rather frequent appearance is associated with linguistic and extralinguistic factors.The most widely used lexemes are those describing oaktrees, birch trees and linden trees (see Fig. 2).These trees are not only the most commonly found trees in the Latvian landscape, but also have a special place in Latvian folklore and mythology, the oak tree a symbol of boys, the linden tree, a girl (e. g.An oak tree grew, a linden tree grew/ they looked at one another/ As you saw for yourself/ The oak tree proposed to the linden tree8).An exception one must remark the widespread distribution of names derived from the term for sal lows, testament to its practical use in weaving, its negative folklore connotation and instrusive presence in the landscape notwithstanding.
A similar picture obtains for the distribution in Northern Kurzeme of place names based on phytolexemes.Dzintra Hirša in her study of place names in Sarkanmuiža shows that place names in this region, based on names of deciduous trees, most often derive from bērzs, liepa, and ozols.The place taken by the lexeme kārkls, taken by the name for a different tree alksnis (Hirša, 1990, pp. 102-148).

Names derived from terms for conifers
Without being as widely encountered as the names derived from terms for decidu ous trees, house names based on names for conifers are found (in all 35 instances were recorded, or 6,1% of all house names based on floral semantics), out of which the most popular is the appellative egle (recorded 14 times).
The lexeme egle may be discerned in 333 Latvian surnames (Balodis, 2008, p. 181) Fewer house names have been recorded (11 occurrences) based on the term, paeglis (Juniperus), and variants thereof.The lexeme paeglis is found in its basic form in house names (i.e., Paegle, Paegli), as well as in combined form (i. e., Wezz Paegle).The house name Paigel, recorded in Dikļi Parish is based on a variant form paigel.The Dialectal Atlas of Latvian Vocabulary (Latviešu valodas dia lektu atlants) indicates in data collected on lexica that the forms paigle and paiglis have been registered over a wide area of Northwestern Vidzeme (see the 9 th map, LVDA).The name Padegge krug (see also the surname Padegs), of a tavern located in Aizkraukles Parish may be associated with the term for juniper.The first element of this combined form may be a contaminated version of standard terms paeglis and kadiķis for Juniperus communis.
Dialect synonyms for the lexeme paeglis may be discerned in individual cases of house names The dialect lexeme kadaks is associated with several house names recorded in the parishes of Salaca and Limbaži.The lexeme kadaks is found in its basic form in house names (i.e., Kaddak), as well as in combined forms (i.e., Jaun Kaddak, Wezz Kaddack, Mesche Kaddack, Uppes Kaddack).
Based on lexical data given in the Dialectal Atlas of Latvian Vocabulary (Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants) and the dictionary compiles by Kārlis Mülenbach and Jānis Endzelīns (Latviešu valodas vārdnīca) ther terms kadaks and kadags are found in Lower Kurzeme and also in Naukšēni, the latter close to the border with Estonia (see the 9 th map, LVDA, also, ME II, p. 131).Considering these lexemes to denote the same tree as does kadgs, J. Endzelīns has related them to the Lithuanian kadagỹs, and the Old Prus sian term kadegis, that in turn are based on the Greek word κέδρος (ME II, p. 131).The authors of the lexical chapter of the Dialectal Atlas of Latvian Vocabulary also give as equivalent the meaning of dialect forms found in Naukšēni and Rucava.
It is more credible that the term kadaks, recorded in Naukšēni and the terms kaddak, kaddack, recorded in the parishes of Salaca and Limbaži, used as the basis for house names, appear to be related to the Estonian term kadakas, 'Wacholder (Juniperus communis L.)' (Wiedemann, 1973, p. 176), and the Līv term, kadàgi, wacholdern, aus wacholderholz (Kettunen, 1938, p. 100).The analogous lexeme (kadagi, 'Wacholder', SalisLivisches, 2009, p. 75) has been included in the dictionary compiled by Eberhard Winkler and Karl Pajusalu.House names recorded as often encountered during the first half of the 19 th century based on FinoUgric terms as compared to fewer occur rences later may be explained by the progressive disappearance of this linguistic substratum and adstratum.
The smallest group of house names found in Vidzeme that based on names of conifers refer to, priede (pinetree, Pinus), of which 10 instances were recorded.
Place names based on the lexemes egle and priede have also been recorded in Sarkanmuiža.House names have been found in Northern Kurzeme based on names of conifers such as īve (yew tree, Taxus baccata) and ērcis (Juniperum communis) (Hirša, 1990, pp. 102-148).

Names of decorative trees and bushes
It is possible that a number of houses acquired early in the 19 th century names derived from the names of exotic flora (10 such instances have been recorded, or 1,8% of house names derived from floral semantics).Although it seems barely credible it appears that 7 house names are based on the phytolexeme tūja (Thuja).
In assessing house names based on flora not commonly found in the landscape of Latvia, it is necessary to consider other reasons for the use of such terms, in particular as in common speech the usual term is 'tree of life' (dzīvībaskoks) for Thuja occidentalis.One reason for the appearance of this appellative may be found in the name of Tūja manor in Liepupe Parish.In these cases the house names have used the lexeme, not deriving from floral semantics, but from names of fauna.This explanation is reasonable given that the name of the Manor House in German being, Taubenhof (German Taube 'pigeon, balodis', Hof 'manor, muiža'), and the Latvian term for pigeon dūja, wherein the t : d sound change night have occurred from the German term Taube.The authors of Baltisches historisches Ortslexikon advanced this hypothesis (see Ortslexikon II, p. 637).However, the name in German Kragenhof, located in Alūksne Parish whose Latvian name is Tūjas muiža, does not help in our understanding for the origin of Tūja in this context.However, the Latvian name is associated with the word for pigeon (dūja) and the von Taube family owned this Manor from 1631 to 1791 (see Ortslexikon II, p. 298).It is not possible to rule out the pos sibility that the origin of these 7 house names is the analogous term in German, i. e., Thuja.
The house names Pallmen and Palmen Murjahn might derive from the term palma which denotes a tree exotic in the Latvian context.
The morphological nature of the terms Pallmen and Palmen depends on the origin of these terms.If we associate house names with the term palma, they ought to be considered as derivatives.
It is possible that house names recorded in manors located in Skujene and Valmiera parish derive their names from another plant considerably more familiar in Latvia.If we examine Latvian language dictionaries from the 17 th and 18 th centu ries, we discover that the meaning of the name pūpols in German is Palmen, but the meaning of the Latvian name for the Sunday before Easter pūpolsvētdiena is given in German, as Palmsonntag (compare, Pupulis 'Palmbaum', listed in Phras. Lettica 1638, 334, andPupulo=kohx 'Palmbaum', in Lettus, 1638, p. 135; with Puhpuli 'Palmen', given in Lange, 1773, p. 242, and puhpuļi 'Palmen', as well as, puhpuļu fwehdeena 'Palmſonntag', is given by Stender, 1789, p. 448).
The first entries for palm trees only appear in the secondhalf of the 19 th century in the dictionary compiled by Karl Kristian Ulmann: palma-kohks 'Palme', in Ulmann, 1872, p. 187 and a wideranging explanation for the meaning of puhpoli, i. e., 'Wei denkätzchen, Zweige mit Weidenkätzchen, ſogenannte Palmen, die am Palmſonntage (puhpuļu fwehdeenâ) zu Schlägen, mit denen man die Langſchläfer weckt, und zur Zierde dienen', see Ulmann, 1872, p. 213.This last assumption appears to be the more plausible one as house names derived from the phytolexeme pūpols have only been found to occure in Vidzeme.
The house name Zerring Lihz / Zerrin Lihz might be based on the name ceriņi (lilacs) nosaukums; however, this is implausible as there are no entries for Syringa vulgaris, the modern Latvian term being ceriņi, in any Latvian dictionary including that of Gotfried Friedrich Stender that appeared at the end of the 18 th century; under the entries for Hollunder, Fleeder several ekvivalents are given, i. e. 'pļuhſchu kohks, pļuhtu kohks, pleederu kruhms, oder kohks', see Stender, 1789, p. 335.Of the Latvian terms referred to the first two may be associated with the bush Sambucus, whereas the last, pliederu koks vai krūms, refers to the bush, Syringa; however, this hypothesis is contradicted by the entry found in the LatvianGerman dictionary compiled in 1872 by K. K. Ulmann, wherein the entry pleederi, pleederes associates these terms with the German 'Flieder, Holunder', and the Latin Sambucus nigra, see Ulmann, 1872, p. 205.If we assume that the the German terms Flieder and Holunder, refer to both plants, whereas the Latin term refers to the black version of this bush, i. e. melnais plūškoks.However, in the 1880 edition of this dictionary the GermanLatvian part contains an entry referring to ceriņi: i. e. Holunder, Holunderbaum, is translated as pleederu kohks, pļuhfchu kohks, zirenu kohks, see Ulmann, 1880, p. 413.If one were to associate these three terms as sources for house names as describing exotic flora, then the most likely source would be articles read or stories recounted, or these plants being cultivated in nearby manors.

Names of fruit trees and bushes
House names based on names of fruit trees and bushes are only occasionally found in Vidzeme, with 8 recorded instances, or 1,4% of all house names based on floral semantics.In the case of 7 house names are based on the name of the most widely encountered type of apple tree ābele (Malus).
It is most likely that all of these house names are based on the term for the fruit trees and not on the Biblical Abel.
Only a single house name Uppen located within Umurga Parish, may be asso ciated with the name for the fruit bearing bush upene (blackcurrant, see, uppenes 'Bocksbeern', as given in Lange, 1773, p. 363).
It appears that these bushes upenes (Ribes nigrum L.), were not widely distributed throughout Latvia; however, in 1826 a surname derived from the dialect term for this bush, Uppenaſch, was recorded in Ērģeme Manor, Ērģeme Parish.
One cannot rule out the possibility that the house name found in Umurga Parish may be a direct derivate from the noun upe (river).

Names of cereals
The next subgroup of house names based on floral semantics comprises those based on names for cereals.This is one of the most widely occurring floral semantics subgroups and contains 58 entries, or 10,1% out of all house names based on floral semantics.
The most popular such house names, 22 cases recorded, derive from the phyto lexeme auzas (oats, Avena).
The lexeme auza is found in house names both in its basic form (i. e., Auſe), in derivative forms (i.e., Auſin, Ausing, Ausſing, Ausan, Auſen), in composite forms (i.e., Lehl Aus), in combined forms (i.e., Jaun Auſing, Wetz Auſing, Ausing Rikandi, Auſai Klahwen).It is impossible to rule out the possibility that the house name Lehl Aus may refer to the physiognomy of a person (possibly large ear) and, thus, is part of the different semantic group (based on individual appearance).
Numerous house names (19 instances recorded) are based on the name of the cereal rudzi (rye, Secale).
A number of other house names may be based upon the term for rye (Rugge, Ruggel) where the usual g : dz sound change has not occurred.
The phytolexeme rudzi as the basis for Latvian surnames has been recorded to occur slightly more often than the term from oats, i. e. 205 cases have been recorded (Balodis, 2008, p. 189).
The appellative mieži is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (compare, Meeſchi 'Gerſten ' Phras. Lettica, 1638, p. 327;Lettus, 1638, p. 74; Meeſchi tee 'Gerſten ' Lange, 1773, p. 188).Barley was one of the first cultivated cereals for which records exist dating from the 10 th millennium BC.In Europe barley was cultivated in the late Neolithic era, but during the bronze age it became the principal cultivated cereal (Гамкрелидзе & Иванов, 1984 (2), pp. 658, 659).The widespread nature of this cereal notwithstanding, we know of no archaic term for barley in the Baltic languages.A. Sabaliauskas has shown that the Latv.mìezis, Lith.míežis, Prussian moasis is associated with the Iranian verb maiz 'to sow' (Sabaliauskas, 1990, p. 157; see also Kregždys, 2012, p. 34).
No house names have been found in Vidzeme based on the cereal name kvieši (wheat, Triticum), although this cereal, according to archaeologist Jānis Graudonis (Graudonis, 1989, pp. 72-73), was cultivated along the lower reaches of the Daugava during the late Bronze age (1000.-500.BC).
House names in Vidzeme based on cereal names include 6 instances of names based on the phytolexeme griķi (buckwheat, Fagopyrum).
The lexeme griķi is largely found in its basic form in house names (i.e., Gricke, Grikke, Grükke).In several instances it is not possible to distinguish whether the house name is based on the German form, Gricken, or on a derived form.
As is the case for house names in Vidzeme, relatively few Latvian surnames based on griķis or variations thereof, in that 76 instances have been recorded (Balodis, 2008, pp. 187-188).

Names of legumes
House names have been found based on terms for 6 legumes, which represents 1% of all house names based on floral semantics.A number of legume varieties were found on the territory of Latvia from ancient times.For example bean seeds have been found in lateBronze age dwellings along the lower reaches of the Daugava (Graudo nis, 1989, pp.72-73); however, information about their cultivation dates from the 5 th century.(Rasiņš & Tauriņa, 1983).Thus legumes were sufficiently widespread long ago that their names might be the basis for house names.
There is no question that house names based on the lexeme zirņi (3 instances).
Formally only 3 house names have been recorded based on the phytolexeme pupa (bean, Vicia faba).The lexeme pupa is only found in its basic form in house names (i.e., Puppe).The house names Puppai, and Puppai Klahwen found in two distant manors in Vidzeme are based on the semantically differen lexeme pupājs, that either refers to a field of beans or bean stalks.
The appellative pupa is not found in many Latvian surnames, with only 13 instances recorded (Balodis 2008, p. 189).

Names of vegetables
Names of common vegetables are the basis for a considerable number of house names.i. e. 53 instances recorded, representing 9,2% of all house names derived from floral semantics.The greatest individual number of such names (12 instances) refers to the vegetable grown by all households, namely, rutks (radish), also ruks, ruduks.
The most widely held view is that the name for Raphanus originates with the Latin term rādix (acc.sing.rādīcem) 'root'.The Germanic term *rdīk, may have descended from the Latin, with the consonant, c transformed into the consonant, k preceding the vowel e.The German form redik was then adopted by Slavic languages in the form rьdьky.In the Slavic language Belarussian this term was transformed into rъdьkъ, and became the source for the Latvian term, *rudikas, or in shortened form, rutks.According to another version, Latvians borrowed the name for Raphanus from the Old Belarussian term rьdьk, as *ridiks.Further changes in this term were influenced by the Latvian adjective ruds for reddish colours (see ME III, p. 565;Smoczyński, 2007, pp. 513, 514;LEV II, p. 140;Sehwers, 1953, pp. 298, 299;Sabaliauskas, 1990, p. 241).
The lexeme rutks in dialect form ruks (with spelling variations ruck, ruke, rukke), is the basis for house names throughout Northwestern Vidzeme and Central Vidzeme; however, it is only occasionally found in other parts of Vidzeme (see the answers to question 417 in the LVDA survey).
The lexeme kāposts as the basis for surnames has been recorded only in 35 instances (Balodis, 2008, p. 188).
House names that derive from the lexeme rācenis (turnip) were recorded in Vid zeme in 8 instances.Alfrēds Rasiņš and Marta Tauriņa indicate that turnip seeds have been found in archaeological material recovered in Latvia dating from the middle Iron age; however, they speculate that turnips may have been cultivated even earlier (Rasiņš & Tauriņa, 1983, p. 153).
The lexeme rācenis as the basis for surnames has been recorded only in 39 cases (Balodis, 2008, p. 189).
The lexeme sīpols (onion) is the basis for even fewer house names, being recorded in 8 instances.The lexeme sīpols (Allium cepa) is only found in basic form in house names with some variations (i. e., Siepol, Sihpohls, Sihpol, Sihpoll, Sipoll).Salt is likely that the house name Zihpol recorded in Umurga derives from the term for onions.
The lexeme ķiploks (garlic), as the basis for house names recorded in fewer cases, in 7 instances.This lexeme, ķiploks (Allium sativum), is found in basic form, with some variations, in house names (i. e., Kiplok, Kipplok, Ķiplohk).
House names in a number of manors in Vidzeme are found to include the lexeme burkāns (carrot) in 5 instances.The lexeme burkāns (Daucus carota) is found in basic form in house names (i.e., Burkan), as well as in combined forms (i.e., Kalna Burkan, Leies Burkan).
The appellative, burkāns (carrot), is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (see, Burrkaņi 'gelbe Rüben', listed in Phras. Lettica, 1638, p. 329).The origin for the Latvian term burkāns is obscure.According to Johan Sever, Germans living in Latvia referred to Daucus carota as Burkane, with similar names found in the language spoken by Finnish peoples around the Baltic Sea (Finnish porkkana, Estonian porgand, Livs borkons), as well as in Lithu anian (burkantai, barkunas) and also in Russian (barkán, borkan) (Sehwers, 1953, p. 301; see also LEV I,p. 155).The 20 th century dictionary of the Lithuanian language "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" refers to the loan word bukonas 'morka (=carrot)', that the compilsers consider to originate from the Latvian burkans which in turn derives from the German dialect term Burkan (LKŽ I, p. 1189).
The lexeme burkāns as the basis for Latvian surnames is found only in 10 instances (Balodis, 2008, p. 187).
It is possible that the lexeme kālis (swede) is the basis for one house name.The lexeme kālis is found in its basic form in the house name Kahle.
Plants from the gourd family have been known in Latvia from the 15 th century onwards, yet their names have rarely been the basis for house names.Only one house name which could be based on the lexeme gurķis (cucumber, Cucumis), was recorded in the 1826 counting of souls in Vidzeme.This lexeme also is found only in basic form in house name Gurke.
The lexeme gurķis is found in only 5 Latvian surnames (Balodis, 2008, p. 188) One house name has been recorded that might be based on the lexeme kabacis (summer squash, Cucurbita).The house name may have incorporated the lexeme kabacis in variant form Kabbaſch.
This explanation appears to be unlikely as the appellative kabacis is not found in any historical dictionaries of the Latvian language.It is first listed in Latvian dictio naries from the mid20 th century.The Latvian term might be a loan word from a Slavic language (compare, Russ., Old Russ.кабачок with Pol.kabaczek).
Superficially the house name Rappſche recorded in Vestiena private manor to be related to the modern term for the oilseed plant rapsis (colza, Brassica napus).

Names of fibre-producing plants
House names also derive from terms for widelycultivated plants such as kaņepes (hemp), apiņi (hops) and lini (flax).Thes have been the basis for 40 house names, which represent 7% of all hosue names based on floral semantics.Hops are mentioned and praised in folklore and folk sayings; the lexeme is the basis for 26 house names.Seeds for hops have been found in layers dating from the 11 th 13 th centuries (Rasiņš & Tauriņa, 1983, p. 154); thus, it is likely that hops have been cultivated in Latvija from at least the early 2 nd millennium onwards (Latvijas senākā vēsture , 2001, p. 319).
The appellative kaņepāji is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (compare, Kaņņepeji 'Hanff', listed in Phras. Lettica, 1638, p. 329, with Kannepeji 'Hanff', in Lettus, 1638, p. 84).T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov consider that various terms designating hops originate from Old European IndoEuropean dialects (Гамкрелидзе & Иванов, 1984 (2), p. 662).Several views are current about the way that this term appeared in the Latvian language.The term may be a loan word from the Scythian language, or from a Slavic language (see, ME II, p. 157; Sabaliauskas, 1990, p. 239;LEV I, pp. 377, 378).
In Vidzeme fewer house names are based on the lexeme apiņi (11 instances recorded).
It is likely that the house names Appenas and Leische Appenas, recorded in Koknese Parish are based on the lexeme apinājs, also apenājs, that designates not the plant itself but a field of hops or hops growing on the vine.
Although flax has been long cultivated in Latvia to a significant extent the lexeme lini (Linum) is the basis for rather few house names (3 instances recorded).The lexeme lins is found in basic form in house names (i.e., Lines), as well as derivative forms (i.e., Linning).The house name Linnai, may be the lexeme linājs, that does not refer to the plant itself, but rather to a field of flax or such a field after the crop has been taken in, or flax stalks.Is it also possible that conditions were not suitable during the 19 th century to cultivate flax in Vidzeme?Stories about flax and its treatment have survived until today.

Names of other herbs
House names are also based on the names of a number of cultivated and wild herbal plants, even of a number of garden weeds.A total of 47 such cases have been recorded, corresponding to 8,2% of all house names based on floral semantics.
House names based on a multitude of forms based on the terms for āboliņš (clover), and amoliņš (sweet clover) are found in Vidzeme in 10 instances.
Āboliņš (Trifolium) refers to a genus that belongs to the leguminous pea family, whereas amoliņš (Melilotus), is a different genus in the same family.In everyday situ ations the terms are sufficiently similar that their use is mixed and may be confusing.
Three house names have been recorded in Vidzeme, Aboling, Aboltin and Abul ting, correlate with the root ābol-/ ābul-.Two house names, of which one is in its basic form (Ammol), and the other in derivative form (Amoling) correlate with another root -amol.
A further three house names (Ebbel and Ebul/Eebul) may be based on dialect varia tions of the root ebul/ ebol.As late as in the second half of the 20 th century variants were known in Vidzeme based on the root ebul/ ebol, as given in the compilation of variations on common speech in Ērģeme Ērģemes izloksnes vārdnīcas (see, buôls, and bùls 'clover' ĒIV I, p. 309).
The lexeme āboliņš together with its variants is found rather often in Latvian surnames, with a total of 308 cases recorded (Balodis, 2008, pp. 186, 187).
House names based on the term for the herb dille (dill) are almost as widespread with 6 instances recorded.The lexeme dille (Anethum) is found in derivative forms in house names (i.e., Dillit, Dillen) and composite form (i. e., Jaun Dille, Wetz Dille).The Latv. term dilles is a loan word from Low German dill (Sehwers, 1953, p. 305; see also LEV I,p. 219).
In addition a number of house names are found during the first half of the 19 th century in Vidzeme that are based on terms for grasslike plants growing in fields and swamps.
The appellative grīslis is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (see, Grihſlis, tas 'grob oder Riedgras', given by Lange, 1773, p. 123).Konstantīns Karulis considers that the basis for the Latvian appellative grīslis is the verb *grīzt, 'to cut, to weave' (LEV I, p. 317).
Only two house names have been recorded that are based on the phytolexeme usne (creeping thistle, Cirsium arvense).The lexemes usne, and ušne are only found in their basic form in house names (i.e., Usne, Uschne).
The appellative usne (or one of its variants) has only been found in historical dic tionaries of the Latvian language only during the second half of the 19 th century (see, Diſtel 'guchņa, guchņis, guchņi, uʃchņi', given by Ullmann, 1880, p. 196); however, in house names it is noted no later than the early 19 th century.There are several views concerning the origin of this term.It may be based on the IndoEuropeam verbs, *es, 'to jab', or, *eus : *us, 'to burn' (LEV II,pp. 458,459).
It is possible that the house names (Peenes, Peenehn) found in Vidzeme are based on the term for dandelion (Taraxacum), with the different lexemes piene and pienene, which are listed in historical Latvian dictionaries starting only from the mid19 th cen tury onwards (see, peenes, 'alle dem Löwenzahn ähnliche Blumen', and peenene 'für peenes', given by Ullmann, 1872, p. 195).The Latv. terms piene, pienene and the Lith.piẽn are based on the term for milk piens.Similar explanations for terms describing Taraxacum obtain for Slavic languages (Jansone, 2011).
The possibility cannot be excluded that these house names are not based on the appellatives piene and pienene, but upon the appellative piens (milk).
It is moore problematic to explain the basis for two house names Pehrkohn, Perkohn recorded in Piņķi Parish; it is possible to relate these house names with the term for charlocks (pērkone, Raphanus raphanistrum), a term that has been mentioned in later 19 th century dictionaries with several meanings (see, pehrkones 'Hederich, Eryſimum officinale, Sinapis arvenſis, Raphanus Raphaniſtrum', as given by Ullmann, 1872, p. 197).It is possible that the Latv.pērkone is related to weather phenomena pērkons (thunder), or the name of the principal Baltic deity (LEV II,pp. 38,39).
It might be more credible to relate these house names either to the weather phe nomenon or the name of the ruler of the heavens Pērkons.
Only two house names have been recorded in Vidzeme that it is possible to relate to the lexeme niedre (reed).The house name Needrehn is based on a derivative form.
The appellative niedra (Phragmites) is found in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language dating from the 17 th and 18 th centuries (compare, Needra 'Rietrohr', listed in Lettus, 1638, p. 145; with, Needrs, tas 'das Rohr', given by Lange, 1773, p. 219).This appellative is part of the common lexicon for Baltic languages (compare, the Latv.term niedre with the Lith.néndrė), and these are semantically and as derivations correlated only with terms in the eastern and western Baltic languages (Kregždys, 2012, p. 34; see also, Smoczyński, 2007, p. 419).
The lexeme skosta (horsetail) may possibly have been the basis for a single house name Skohſte, the lexeme appearing in an underived form.
It is possible that the lexeme vībotne (mugwart) is the basis for the single house name Wieboth.
Names found in this group, and which are the basis for several house names, possess a neutral connotation; thus, their choice might have related to the presence nearby of the associated plants, whereby the house could be identified, or the choice has been random.

Names of flowers
In Latvian folklore what is positive is usually contrasted with that which is undesirable (that is criticised through through song).Flowers have always decorate homesteads.A total of 32 house names based on three flower terms, roze (rose), magone (poppy) and astere (aster) have been recorded; this represents 5,6% of all house names based on floral semantics.The majority (26) of these house names are based on terms for roses, However, one must remark that it is impossible to distinguish cases where the house name is based on the term for the flower from those based on the Latvian term roza (a rise) for a feature in the landscape.
House names, based on other terms for flowers, 5 cases referring to magones (poppies) have been recorded in Jaunpiebalga Parish.The lexeme magone (Papaver) appears in house names only in combined form (i. e., Kalne Maggon, Leies Maggon).
A number of house names in Vidzeme appear to be based upon astere (aster); however houses located in Umurga Parish named Astere or Āstere may derive ther name from that of a nearby Manor (Aster -Rozbeķu private house, Straupe Parish, see, LVVA,p. 199. f.,1. apr,383. l.) the origin of whose name may not necessarily be the name of the flower astere.
Based on the etymological work of the Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga, Jānis Endzelīns (see, Lvv (1), p. 70), considers that this place name and that of an associated hydronym is based on an archaic Liv.Asti-yerwe.After analysis of old documentary records of various hydronyms K. Būga concluded that modern terms ending in, ere, are concealed indicators of the FinnoUgric term, järv 'lake' (Būga RR III,p. 622).If one accepts the hypothess advanced by K. Būga, the name of Āstere Manor origi nates from the name of a nearby lake.
If the name of Āstere Manor is based on a hydronym, then a similar argu ment may be advanced for the basis of house names in Straupe Parish.These house names, furthermore, may be based not on the name of a lower, but on the latin term astrum 'star'.

Names of mushrooms
As is the case for surnames, a number of house names in Vidzeme appear to be based on names of mushrooms.Only 6 such names have been recorded, which repre sent 1% of all house names based on floral semantics.The largest number (4 instances recorded) of such names are based on the terms bekas (boletus), as well as pekas.
The lexeme beka is found in its basic form in house names (i.e., Bekke), as well as in combined form (i. e., Bekka Krug).The composite name Sillapeka9 can be variously understood, firstly, as a joined word, or, alternatively referring to a particular type of mushroom, which latter is thus named.
The names for two mushroom species krimilde, and rudmiese (Lactarius) are the basis for house names, i. e., Krimalden, recorded in Valmiera Parish, and Rudmes in Nītaure Parish.9 Trans.Note, this name contains the term sils (field or clearing).
Both the term krimildes (ref., Krimmeldes, 'eine Art weißer Rietzchen', given by Lange, 1773, p. 158), and rudmieses (ref., Rudmeefchi, 'braune Rietzchen', also given by Lange, 1773, p. 253), were known during the secondhalf of the 18 th century.Thus, they could have been the basis for house names, as a possible indication that these houses were sited close to a forest where these mushrooms grew.The Latv. rudmiese might be a term that is semantically derived from the Latv.term ruds (reddish) and the Latv.term miesa (flesh, ME III, p. 554), whereas the terms krimilde, krimelde (as a mush room) may be associated with the Latv.terms kremîgs, krama, kramt (ME II, p. 279).
House names listed in the 1826 counting of souls are based on a wide range of floral semantics, with a clear preference for lexemes associated with names of trees.It is possible that this reflects landscape elements close to these homes, as well as the place that these features have in the relationship of home owners with nature, and their work in order to draw any deeper conclusions about the presence of floral semantics in house names it would be necessary to examine all relevant historical records in detail up to and including the present time.Pierwsze liczenie dusz w krainie historycznej Widzeme odbyło się w 1782 r. i zbiegło się w czasie z podobnym, czwartym spisem, przeprowadzonym w guberniach rosyjskich.Kolejne spisy odbywały się nieregularnie: piąty w 1795 r., szósty w 1811, siódmy w 1816, ósmy w 1834, dziewiąty w 1850, i ostatni, dziesiąty, w roku 1858.
A number of house names in Vidzeme appear to be based on names of mush rooms.6 such names have been recorded, which represent 1% of all house names based on flora semantics, i. e., bekas 'boletus', krimilde, and rudmiese 'Loctarius'.
House names listed in the 1826 counting of souls are based on a wide range of flora semantics, with a clear preference for lexemes associated with names of trees.It is possible that this reflects landscape elements close to these homes, as well as the place that these features have in the relationship of home owners with nature, and their work.In order to draw any deeper conclusions about the presence of flora semantics in house names it would be necessary to examine all relevant historical records up to the present time.
Keywords: onomastics; house names; counting of souls in 19 th century; flora semantic

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Names of deciduous trees in house names in Vidzeme

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Groups of phytolexemes reflected in house names