Folk terms of Slavic origin for traditional Lithuanian buildings and their parts

The aim of this article is to give an overview of folk terms of Slavic origin naming houses and their parts and to identify semantic relations of terms – synonymy and polysemy. The article deals with more than 130 Slavisms, the material has been gathered from the main sources of spoken language and folk terminology – common dictionaries, dictionaries and atlases of dialects. Folk terminology of building is a broad, interest­ ing and miscellaneous layer of folk terminology and is characterized by regional use, variety of expressions, figurativeness, abundance of synonyms and polysemy. Terms of Slavic origin amount to a significant part of Lithuanian folk terminology of building and make the largest group of borrowed terminology in this field. Terms of Slavic origin are used to denote almost all buildings of a traditional Lithuanian homestead. A significant part of traditional buildings and their parts have more than one name of Slavic origin. A few terms of Slavic origin can be identi­ fied as metaphoric and metaphorical transfer of the names according to emotional associations, external similarity or similarity of function is typical. Almost half of terms have more than one meaning. Polysemous terms name different construc­ tions: building and room, part of building and room; less frequently they denote buildings or rooms of different purpose. Naming generic and specific concepts or denoting building and part of same building is not a prevalent type of polysemy of researched terminology.

Folk terminology is a broad layer of common lexis and an important source of scientific terminology.The importance of folk terminology in the process of creating scientific terminology has been emphasised by the initiator of Lithuanian terminology theory philosopher Stasys Šalkauskis (1886-1941).He stated that spoken language is the main source of terminology and there is no necessity to create new words nor borrow them if it is possible to adopt words from spoken language.The philosopher pointed out that words from the spoken language are not only the most plentiful but also most perspicuous source of scientific terminology (Šalkauskis, 1991, p. 55).
Folk terms for building form a specific and interesting layer of lexis.They are closely related to scientific terms and characterized by a variety of linguistic expression, figurativeness, synonymy, polysemy, and variation1.Folk terminology for building is closely related to scientific terminology that started to develop in the 19 th century and has been borrowing terms from spoken language.For example, terms borrowed from spoken language are used in first Lithuanian periodical publications about build ings: grįczia 'house'2 Uk 1891 IV 173, kakalis 'stove' Uk 1891 IV 173, kalkiai 'lime' Med 1884 I-II 56, langas 'window' Uk 1890 II 22, lubos 'ceiling' Uk 1891, stogo czerpēs 'roof tiles' Med 1884 I-II 56.
Slavic loanwords amount to a significant part of all folk terminology of building.About one sixth of all folk terms that name buildings and their constructions, build ing materials and building instruments are of Slavic origin.Loanwords from Slavic languages are used two times more often than German loanwords and fifteen times more often than Latvian loanwords3.
Buildings of traditional Lithuanian homestead are denoted by 42 Slavisms and half of them are names of houses.Five synonymous terms of Slavic origin are used as generic names: gryčia (Belarusian грыднiца4) LKA I 34, KpŽ 733, grinyčia (Belarusian грыднiца) LKŽe, budavonė (Polish budowanie) LKŽe, budinkas (Polish budynek, Belarusian бyдынaк) LKŽe, DrskŽ 44, KzRŽ I 89, KpŽ 244, LzŽ 41, gaspada (Belaru sian господа, Russian господа ЭСБМ, 1985, p. 70, Polish gospoda) LKŽe.Although all terms mentioned have a similar meaning not all of them can be treated as absolute synonyms.Traditional Lithuanian houses have construction differences as they are used in different ethnographic regions.Historically three types of living houses can be distin guished: 1) troba (Lith.)(in the ethnographic region of Žemaitija (Samogitia), 2) pirkia (Lith.),gryčia (Slav.)(in Aukštaitija (Highland) 3) grinčia (Slav.),pirkčia (Lith.),stuba (Germ.)(in Suvalkija (Sudovia) (LEB, 1964, p. 216)5.Traditional Samogitian house is characterized by long and large building and low walls with paling.Samogitian house has a complex layout of 5-15 rooms.Traditional houses in the ethnographic region of Aukštaitija have narrow and long buildings, average height walls, straw roof and a porch constructed in front of entrance.Houses have a simple plan and the inside is divided into three main parts by cross walls.Houses in Suvalkija have common features with Samogitian houses as well as houses from the ethnographic region of Aukštaitija (LEB, 1964, pp. 216-224).The Slavisms mentioned also are naming different types of houses in different regions of Lithuania.Gryčia is the traditional name of house of Eastern Aukštaitija, grinyčia generally is used in Žemaitija, gaspada -in Suvalkija.The term budinkas can be treated as a common term as it is used in all ethnographic regions of Lithuania.The majority of terms have more than one meaning.The term gryčia also is used as a specific term and has the meaning of an old and small house, moreover it is used to denote various parts of houses.The term grinyčia has additional meaning of smokehouse and underground house.
6 Explanations are taken from primary sources.

63
A bundle of 37 Slavisms denote parts of a house.Nearly one third of the terms (13) denote house sides, annexes and two thirds (24) are names of rooms.Five terms are used to denote house sides.Traditional Samogitian houses have two sides named 'good house' and 'poor house'.'Poor house' is the nonrepresentative side and serves for everyday family life, whereas 'good house' is the representative side and is used for guest accommodation.Term gryčia (Belarusian грыднiца) is used to name both generic and specific concepts and has two meanings: 'house side' LKA I 34 and 'poor house' LKŽe.'Good house' is denoted by three synonymous terms: seklyčia (Belaru sian cвятлiцa, Polish świetlica) LKŽe, ZanavŽ 3 33, stancija (Polish stancja) LKŽe, kamara (Russian комора, Polish komora Фасмер, 1986, p. 305) LKŽe, KaltŽ 97.Names of house sides are characterized by polysemy and also are used to name rooms, for example: gryčia (Belarusian грыднiца LKA I 34) 'bedroom' LKŽe, kamara (Russian комора, Polish komora Фасмер, 1986, p. 305)  In the group of names of rooms the majority of terms are used to denote utility rooms (5 terms): bakava (Polish bokówka Fraenkel, 1962, p. 30) 'poor room for cooking, sleeping or storage' LKŽe, kamurka (Polish komórka, Russian кaмopкa) 'small dark pantry' LKŽe, katukas (Belarusian кoтyx, Polish kotuch) 'small pantry, foyer' LKŽe, špirka (Polish szpyrka, szperka) 'small, poor pantry' LKŽe, špižarna (Polish spiżarnia) 'pantry' LKŽe.Some of the mentioned terms have more than one meaning: kamurka is used to denote poor house and lavatory, bakava has an additional meaning of 'living room'.Katukas mostly is used to denote farm buildings and their parts -stall, roost, cowshed, and shed.The guest room is denoted by four synonymous terms of Slavic origin: seklyčia (Belarusian cвятлiцa, Polish świetlica) LKŽe, DrskŽ 361, pakajus (Polish pokój) LKŽe, KaltŽ 197, LzŽ 181, alkierius (Polish alkierz) LKŽe, kamara (Russian комора, Polish komora Фасмер, 1986, p. 305) LKŽe.The terms alkierius and kamara are also used to name other types of rooms.Alkierius denotes a bedroom, kamara has additional meanings 'living room' and 'pantry'.Also this term denotes house side and entrance of the bathhouse.Three groups of terms consisting of three terms each are used to denote living room, bedroom, and attic room: bakava (Polish bokówka Fraenkel, 1962, p. 30)  In Lithuanian folk terminology of building, Slavic terms are also widely used to denote farm buildings (24 terms) and their parts (56 terms).The main farm building of traditional Lithuanian homestead is grannary.This building serves as storage for grain, flour, farming goods, clothes and other goods, besides that some grannaries were used as dormitory for laborers.Only Lithuanian and German loanwords are used to denote this building while Slavic loanwords are used to denote parts of the grannary.Barn is a traditional farm building for grain storage and threshing.A Lithuanian barn is characterized by a rectangular plan, fourslope or twoslope rafter or spurtype construction roof and wide attic for storage of instruments, firewood and other goods (TechE II, 2003, p. 506).Only terms of Lithuanian, Latvian and German origin are used to denote this building.Slavic loanwords are used only to denote annexes and parts of a barn.Barn space has three names: pravarinė (Polish przeworzyna LKŽe) DūnŽ 279, pamastas (old Russian помостъ Фасмер, 1987, p. 323 A group of ten terms name animal barns and three of them are used as generic terms: abarės (Polish obora LKŽe) LKA I 50, stainia (Belarusian стaйня, Polish stajnia) LKŽe, stodas (Belarusian stado Fraenkel, 1965, p. 910) LKŽe.Regional usage is a characteristic peculiarity of names of animal barns.For example, Lithuanian term tvartas is widely spread and is used in all regions of Lithuania.A term of Latvian origin kūtė commonly is used in northern part of Lithuania, gurbas -in eastern north area, German staldas -in southern part of Samogitia, etc. (Sabaliauskas, 1970, pp. 30-49).Terms of Slavic origin also have a regional character: abarės is mainly used in Samogitia, stainia -in the eastern and western regions of Aukštaitija, stodas -in the southern part of Aukštaitija.
Terms abarės and stainia are also used to denote specific concepts.Specific terms name four types of animal barns: stable, cowshed, piggery, and roost: abarai Term katukas is polysemous and also denotes a stall of an animal barn.These terms can be treated as generic while specific terms indicate purpose aspects of an ani mal barn: svinarnykas (Belarusian свiнарнiк) 'place in the barn where pigs are kept, pigsty' LKA I 52, šiopa (Polish szopa) 'roof space on animal barn where hay is kept' LKA I 57.Place where hens are kept is denoted by three synonymous terms: katukas (Belarusian кoтyx, l. kotuch LKŽe) LKA I 52, KaltŽ 103, kuratnykas (Belarusian куратнiк) LKA I 52, kurnykas (Belarusian куратнiк) LKA I 52.

Conclusions
1. Folk terminology of building is a broad, interesting and miscellaneous layer of folk terminology and is characterized by regional use, variety of expression, figurativeness, abundance of synonyms and polysemy.Terms of Slavic origin amount to a significant part of Lithuanian folk terminology of building and make the largest group of bor rowed terminology in this field.67 2. Terms of Slavic origin are used to denote almost all buildings of a traditional Lithu anian homestead and majority of them are names of farm buildings.Slavisms are used to denote generic and specific concepts.Specific terms name houses according to the quality, construction and size aspects.Animal barns are denoted by purpose and sheds by purpose, construction and dependence aspects.
3. A significant part of traditional buildings and their parts have more than one name of Slavic origin.Synonymous naming is a characteristic peculiarity of one third part of the discussed concepts.Part of synonymous terms can be treated as partial synonyms as they originated from different ethnographic regions of Lithuania and name different buildings.
4. Few terms can be identified as metaphoric.Poor house, big house and place where crop is kept are denoted by such names as animal barn, pantry, drivein pub, pocket.Metaphorical transfer of the names according to emotional associations, external similarity or similarity of function is typical.
5. Almost half of the terms have more than one meaning.Polysemous terms name different constructions: building and room, part of building and room; less frequently they denote buildings or rooms of different purpose.Naming generic and specific concepts or denoting building and part of same building is not a prevalent type of polysemy of researched terminology.
6. Slavic folk terms that correspond the norms of the standard language are important sources for scientific terminology.

Abstract
The aim of this article is to give an overview of folk terms of Slavic origin naming houses and their parts and to identify semantic relations of terms -synonymy and polysemy.The article deals with more than 130 Slavisms, the material has been gathered from the main sources of spoken language and folk terminology -common dictionaries, dictionaries and atlases of dialects.Folk terminology of building is a broad, interest ing and miscellaneous layer of folk terminology and is characterized by regional use, variety of expressions, figurativeness, abundance of synonyms and polysemy.Terms of Slavic origin amount to a significant part of Lithuanian folk terminology of building and make the largest group of borrowed terminology in this field.
Terms of Slavic origin are used to denote almost all buildings of a traditional Lithuanian homestead.A significant part of traditional buildings and their parts have more than one name of Slavic origin.A few terms of Slavic origin can be identi fied as metaphoric and metaphorical transfer of the names according to emotional associations, external similarity or similarity of function is typical.Almost half of terms have more than one meaning.Polysemous terms name different construc tions: building and room, part of building and room; less frequently they denote buildings or rooms of different purpose.Naming generic and specific concepts or denoting building and part of same building is not a prevalent type of polysemy of researched terminology.