Functional-objective basics of the parts of speech‘ classification

Abstract

In the history of linguistic studies, the well-known statement is that the ancient Indian etymologist Yaska (according to V. Alpatov [1]), was the first to prove the parts of speech‘ classification of the language – Indian linguistic tradition. In the ancient world, in the authoritative grammars by Dionysius Thraх (II century BC) and Apollonius Dysculus (II century AC), the grammatical structure of the Greek language with a distinction between morphology and syntax is described. Classical grammars have been cleverly interpreted by the ancient Roman scholars, the most authoritative among whom Donat (III - IV centuries AC) and Priscian (second half of the VI-th century) can be considered – European linguistic tradition. Significant is also the parts of speech‘ differentiation with orientation on purely applied tasks – the lexicographic processing of the material (the Chinese linguistic tradition from Xu Shen (1-st century BC) and to this day. From the XIV-th century dictionaries of "empty words", that are, the particles and other grammatical elements, are being created. It is interesting that within this tradition, a dictionary containing 47035 characters with the expression of their 19995 variants was created in the 10-th years of XVIII-th century, and the linguistic tradition was used in the Arabic linguistic tradition that was formed at the latest – the second half of the millennium. The Basra scholars (Basra and Kufa in Mesopotamia), one of the most famous of which was Sibawayh, as well as Spanish Arabists (Ibn Jinni (end of X - the beginning of the XI century)) formed a grammatical concept, the main task of which was to master Arabic. Another linguistic tradition – Japanese, the latest in the time of appearance (in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries), with a relatively conservative-closed character, was oriented towards the study of national values and the national language. The school of cocogas (the other names of koogaku (studying culture), vagaku (Japanese studies), koagaku (the doctrine of the emperor or the science of antiquity)) became the leading in a relatively isolated state, scientists managed to create the morphology of the Japanese language. With support on the underlying foundations of Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), the theoretician of the Kogugaksuyu school, Toji Gimon (1786-1843) created Japanese grammar with a clear set of parts of speech‘ classification, with coverage of the conjugation.